Reasons For Mandatory Immunization Records - 1850 Words

California now along with two other states joined Mississippi and West Virginia that perm only medical exemptions as legitimate reasons to evade vaccinations. The four times that a student’s vaccination records are required are: 1. Entering daycare or preschool; 2. Entering kindergarten; 3. Entering kindergarten and 4. Any time a k-12 student changes school districts. That is, just changing schools within a district does not require the student’s parent/guardian to provide immunization records. Endorse the incendiary legislation, Governor Jerry Brown signed into law last month an order to attend public or private school, regardless of their parents personal or religious beliefs. Still, opponents say the bill will be a hardship on many†¦show more content†¦If the California Department of Public Health decides to add other vaccination requirements, parents will be allowed to obtain personal belief exemptions for those new vaccinations, the law says. An earlier version of the story erroneously stated that the Legislature would vote to add other vaccination requirements. The law eliminated the personal belief exemption for required vaccinations. This exemption allowed parents to opt out of vaccinating their children by completing a form, signed by a health care practitioner, attesting that vaccinations were counter to their personal beliefs. The law also overrides an allowance for a religious exemption to vaccinations that Brown had inserted three years ago in previous legislation. The religious exemption was not part of state statute. Yes, there are three: medical, special education and homeschooling or independent study. Young children and students ma y obtain a written medical exemption to vaccinations from a licensed physician. The reason for the medical exemption may include family medical history. A child who has an individualized education program, as required under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, will be allowed to obtain special education services regardless of whether the child is vaccinated or not. The law states that the vaccination requirements do not apply to students who are enrolled in a home-based private school or an independent study program. Some questions remain

Juvenile Justice And Criminal Justice - 1368 Words

The border between juvenile justice and criminal justice did not endure the juvenile court’s first century. By the 1980s, there was general disappointment with both the means and the ends of normal juvenile justice. As with every other social repair efforts, it is difficult to say whether frustration with juvenile justice was born of erroneous concept or of wretched execution. The administering accepted by justice policy, however, was unmistakable. Juvenile courts began to adopt the sentiment and standpoint of criminal courts. Many States redesigned their laws to curtail the confidentiality of juvenile court proceedings and juvenile court records. Most States increased the legal etiquette used in juvenile court and shifted the objective of the juvenile justice process away from individualized intervention. Instead, juvenile courts and juvenile justice agencies began to focus on public safety and criminal accountability. In addition, nearly All States enacted laws to toss more youths to criminal court where they could be tried and punished as adults. In the span of a single century the American justice system had favorably embraced and then largely abandoned the concept of using a alternative legal system for crimes committed by the young. No single concern in juvenile justice has captured the attention of the public or of policymakers like criminal court transfer. Conflicts over the transfer issue command the clearest and most candid dispute over the juvenile-criminalShow MoreRelatedCriminal Justice And The Juvenile Justice System1689 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Criminal Justice Criminal Justice is such a broad subject and workforce. At this point in time criminal justice is needed more than ever in America and the world as we know it today. The criminal justice system has improved more and more throughout history by changing something as simple as law enforcement officer’s purpose and who they are taking orders from. The objective of this analysis is to break down these three criminal justice subjects: the juvenile justice system, prisonRead MoreJuvenile Justice And The Criminal Justice System1801 Words   |  8 PagesJuveniles have always been a touchy subject in the criminal justice system. Many would argue that they deserve to be treated and sentenced as adults while others believe that they can be rehabilitated and changed into fully functioning members of society. Florida has established a Juvenile Detention Alternatives initiative in order to support the vision that all juvenile justice offenders would have opportunities put in place to deve lop them into law-abiding adults. This initiative uses core strategiesRead MoreJuveniles And The Criminal Justice System1594 Words   |  7 Pages Juveniles and the Criminal Justice System There is much debate over whether or not juveniles should ever be tried as adults. Juveniles are defined as children under the age of 18. In the past, juveniles have been tried in a separate juvenile court because of their age. However, trying juveniles as adults for violent crimes is a trend that is on the rise. Age is supposed to be a deterrent for placing those under 18 on trial and giving them stiffer punishments that are often reserved for adults. ManyRead MoreJuveniles : The Criminal Justice System1777 Words   |  8 PagesJuveniles in the Criminal Justice System Introduction In the United States, juveniles have always known to cause trouble in the community. In recent times, many individuals have the perception that juvenile crimes are on the rise and that these offenders are getting younger. Charging juveniles as adult has always been a debate, because of their thinking process and protecting their rights. There are many cases that regard juveniles that have changed the policies of this nation. Also for thoseRead MoreJuveniles in the Criminal Justice System4671 Words   |  19 PagesShould Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults? A Developmental Perspective on Changing Legal Policies Laurence Steinberg Temple University and The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice Paper presented as a part of a Congressional Research Briefing entitled â€Å"Juvenile Crime: Causes and Consequences,† Washington, January 19, 2000. Address correspondence to the author at the Department of Psychology, Temple University, PhiladelphiaRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System860 Words   |  4 PagesOnce youth is committed a crime he or she must face the criminal justice. Whether it is simple face to face contact with the police officer or trip to juvenile facility, juvenile is becoming part of the criminal justice system. For many youth it is their first contact with the justice system however for some others it is a very familiar process. So once juvenile is making face to face contact with the police officers, his life is in the hands of that officer who can make very important and sometimeRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And Juvenile Criminal Justice System1475 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Juvenile delinquency is an ever growing issue in the United States, according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, â€Å"In 2012, there were 3,941 arrests for every 100,000 youths ages 10 through 17 in the United States† (OJJDP, 2014). The way juveniles are treated in the criminal justice system is very different than the way adults are. In 1899, in Cook County, Illinois, the first juvenile justice system in the country was founded. This established an alternativeRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System1307 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined as â€Å"The behavior of a repeat or habitual criminal.† Juvenile offenders are studied on the re-offense that will occur and it is said that from 70% to 90% of offenders will re-offend. In the light of the criminal justice system and recidivism there is not actual consensus on what a criminal recidivism counts as, for example whether it counts as a repeat probation violation. National data th at exist proves that 6 out of 10 juveniles return to juvenile court before their 18th birthday. You have toRead MoreThe Development Of A Juvenile Criminal Justice System1740 Words   |  7 Pagesantisocial behaviors. Therefore, the development of a juvenile criminal justice system was crucial as it is tailored to distinguish the judicial process related to juvenile crimes. Various facilities such as specialized detention centers and youth centers are also put in place in order to provide a proper rehabilitative environment to address the needs of the youth offenders. However, in the recent past, the trend has changed, and the distinct justice system for the youth offenders has been under attackRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System1423 Words   |  6 Pagesespecially in the criminal justice system. Within the criminal justice system, juvenile delinquency is an issue that I find the most overlooked and it is a problem that is growing, particularly in the poo rer areas. The term juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activity under the age of 18 which violates the law. Everyone is affected by juvenile crime, parents, teachers, families and neighbors. It is essential that programs are implemented to help with juvenile delinquents. Although

30 Seconds to Mars free essay sample

Most teenagers today get overwhelmed with the chaos of this world and long for an escape. Some turn to drugs, some to alcohol. 30 Seconds to Mars can give them the escape they need; their music is just as addictive as cigarettes, without the safety hazard. So go ahead, let them overdose their music, for escape is just 30 seconds away. They more than anyone deserve to be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 30 Seconds to Mars has four members in there band: Jared Leto (vocals and guitar), Shannon Leto (drums), Tomo Milicevic (guitar), and Matt Wachter (keyboard and bass). The band started out as a small family project between Jared and Shannon in 1998, but when Matt Wachter joined the band, things began to speed up quickly. After a small revolving door of guitarists, the three auditioned Tomo Milicevic, a man from Yugoslavia, to round out the band’s roster. The name 30 Seconds to Mars came from a thesis that was written by a former Harvard professor. We will write a custom essay sample on 30 Seconds to Mars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the subsections of the thesis was titled â€Å"Thirty Seconds to Mars† and goes on to talk about the exponential growth of technology that relates to humans and says that we are quite literally thirty seconds to mars. The band thought that this is exactly how to describe their music. Lead singer and guitarist, Jared Leto, is no stranger to winning, in addition to an amazing rock band, he has acted in over fifteen acclaimed films, like â€Å"Requiem for a Dream†, â€Å"Panic Room†, â€Å"Fight Club†, â€Å"American Psycho† and â€Å"Alexander†. And the fact that many gited actors have pumped out some pretty awful albums, hasn’t slowed him down at all. Although Jared is a Hollywood actor, he originally preferred not to use this information to promote the band; in fact, the band used to refuse to play at venues tat used his fame to promote shows. The band’s phoenix logo (which the band named â€Å"Mirtha†) bears the Latin phrase â€Å"Provehito in Altum† which translated, means â€Å"Launch Forth into the Deep†. The logo was mostly used for promotion of the band’s debut, whereas in their second album â€Å"A Beautiful Lie† the new Trinity logo was created consisting of three skulls, along with the band’s name and motto. 30 Seconds to Mars’ first album, was self titled, and was released in 2002 by Bob Erzin to mixed reviews and achieved sales of just over 100,000. Pretty good eh? The band’s second album, â€Å"A Beautiful Lie† was released in 2005. The band traveled to four different continents, including five different countries to perfect their sound, as well as to allow Jared’s film career to come into play. This band has inspired and changed the life of many, given them hope of the good times yet to come. 30 Seconds to Mars is the beacon to thousands of teenagers in the dark of this troubled world, and does indeed, give them the relief they need to go on each day. Please consider putting them in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, your collection would be utterly obsolete without them.

Theology Essays - Catholic Theology, Jesus, God, Sola Fide

Theology Many children are brought up as Catholics and remain Catholics, while many children grow up to hate the religion. Should parents press their children to be Catholic? Can't their children lead good and fulfilling lives without the theological baggage attained when one chooses to become religious? What is the difference that an ecclesial faith in Jesus Christ makes for a human being and for the world? Having faith in God gives people unchanging morals, guidance and something to believe in besides chance. Morals are different in every society and change over time as peoples' values and views change. Though atheists can have good morals, their principles may change over time. Instead of following what is going on in our society, having faith in God and his ways gives unchanging morals that are always appropriate and peace everlasting. It gives Catholics security knowing that what they are doing is right. ?Jesus used these invitational and provocative forms of speech ? aphorisms and parables ? to subvert conventional ways of seeing and living, and to invite his hearers to alternate way of life.?(Borg, p. 75) How people view life and what they believe in determine how they will live their life. Having set morals instilled in them through Catholicism, children may be more inclined to be good. Being raised a certain way does not guarantee that a person will follow what they were brought up to believe. Raising a child as Catholic though makes a person more prone to leading a virtuous life. Also, morals give Catholic families an anchor. When everyone believes in the same morals it creates unity and keeps peace. Following God's ways according to Borg is ?The narrow way, the way less traveled, is the alternative wisdom of Jesus.? The way less traveled is life in the spirit and the life that Jesus himself knew. ?Our culture's secular wisdom does not affirm the reality of the Spirit; the only reality about which it is certain is the visible world of our ordinary experience.?(Borg, p. 87) Atheists look to the material world for purpose and contentment. They measure their self-worth according to how well they attained these values based on materialism, and if succeed they may find the rewards not fulfilling. Living the way less traveled is living a life centered in Christ in hope of fulfillment through Christ that is not based on materialism. Catholics feel they always have someone (God), someone that will never betray them and that will in the end make them content. Having faith in God gives us guidance. As we make decisions everyday, we sometimes get confused on what we should do. At these times, we can turn to God and think what would Jesus do? While some decisions may be as small as whether or not to keep the money when a cashier gives you too much change back, other decisions may be life changing. ?In the message and activity of Jesus, we see an alternative social vision: a community shaped not by the ethos and politics of purity, but by the ethos and politics of compassion.? Jesus believed in compassion. He did not feel that it was right to have a purity system that either made you really good or really bad. The purity system said that if you were a gentile, not whole (leprosy, damaged testicles or missing penis), female, poor etc., you were impure. Jesus did not feel this was fair. He went against this and helped those considered impure and even dined with them. Having a stance on compassion led to a society where everyone is included. Tho ugh most of society believed in the purity system, Jesus made the decision to go against what he believed was wrong. Just because something is tradition does not make it right. Catholics are able to look at the actions of Jesus and apply how he made his choices to their own life knowing that their decision will be morally correct. While atheists just hope that things will turn out well, Catholics believe that their will is in God's hands. Because Catholics believe this, they receive a sense of peace knowing that whatever happens, good or bad, it is in God's hands and is for their

Multinational Companies Power Essays - Taxation, Free Essays

Multinational Companies Power Essays - Taxation, Free Essays Multinational Companies Power In what ways do multinational companies exercise significant power over the US government UG COURSEWORK COVERSHEET School of Politics and International Relations 0Please check this box if you are happy for your work to be used as an exemplar for future students. Your work will remain anonymous and will be used for guidance only. STUDENT NUMBER: SEMINAR TUTOR: YEAR: FIRST 1 SECOND 0 FINAL 0 ASSOCIATE 0 ERASMUS 0 (check the relevant box with a double-click) MODULE CODE: POL 105 COURSEWORK NUMBER/TITLE: In what ways do multinational companies exercise significant power over the US government? WORD COUNT: 2358 ________________________________________ A First ClassB Upper SecondC Lower SecondD ThirdE DeficientF Fail Task fulfilment Research Quality of Argument Structure Presentation Representation of Sources STRENGTHS: WEAKNESSES: HOW TO IMPROVE: Provisional Mark: ___________ In what ways do multinational companies exercise significant power over the US government? In todays era of globalisation, multinational companies exercise a substantial amount of power influencing the political sphere through campaign funding and lobbying to say the least. For some, this has led to the government representing corporations more than it represents people. Throughout this essay the extent of corporate political influence will be explored assessing in what ways multinational corporations engage in the political process and whether this involvement truly has an effect. As aforementioned the power of multinational corporations over the US government is significant, a key way this can be reflected is through their ability to reduce their tax and in some cases even avoiding tax. There are a number of ways some of the worlds most well-known companies do so, with an end goal of achieving tax-levels which serve their best interest. Some corporations carry out a process of corporate inversion, which involves the relocation of a companys base to a country with low-tax jurisdictions. As a result of this corporations such as Apple have reduced their corporate income tax by an average of $10 billion-a-year for the past four years. This strategy allowed them to pay an effective tax rate of 12.6% one of the lowest among U.S. corporations. Currently corporation tax in the U.S stands at 35% the highest overall rate of any of the worlds developed economies. This contrast in corporation tax undoubtedly indicates the power of MNCs translated through the first dime nsions of power in its simplest form by multinational corporations (A) exercising power over the government (B). This is reflected in that although there are laws in place multinational corporations bypass and circumvent these laws. Their economic power provides them with the means to establish more favourable conditions for their company to prosper, ultimately maximising their profits. In this context the power of MNCs over the US government is prominent in that their superior economic resources puts them in a position to exploit the existing tax loopholes for corporate benefit. Nonetheless this can be undermined in that multinational corporations do not possess full exception from tax and that although they may carry out measures to avoid tax; this doesnt go unnoticed by the government. Corporations such as Apple have come under fire from the Senate Subcommittee; with the investigations chairman Carl Levin coming to a conclusion that Apple used a complex web of offshore entities to avoid paying billions of dollars in US income taxes. Additionally the Obama administration has also undertaken measures to curtail tax inversion. Treasury Secretary Jack Lew passed a bill which would significantly diminish the ability of inverted companies to escape U.S. taxation. As a result this clearly indicates that the government retains power as they continue to exercise authority over such corporations ensuring that legal jurisdictions are followed. It ultimately challenges the view that multinationals have vast amount of power which allows the government to disregard thei r tax avoidance. However this doesnt weaken the fact that multinational corporations still possess a significant amount of power over the government in regards to taxation. Due to corporate inversions and other forms of tax avoidance by multinationals, they have forced the US government to form a debate about the current levels of corporation tax and what type of action should be taken to subvert corporate inversions. President Barack Obama's 2015 budget proposed making inversions harder to do by raising the foreign ownership required. Congressional Democrats have made similar proposals. This influence over the US government can be expressed through the second dimension of power.

Basic Tenets of Animal Rights

Basic Tenets of Animal Rights Animal rights refers to the belief that animals have an intrinsic value separate from any value they have to humans  and are worthy of moral consideration. They have a right to be free from oppression, confinement, use and abuse by humans. The idea of animal rights may be difficult for some people to fully accept. This is because, throughout the world, animals are abused and killed for a wide variety of socially acceptable purposes, though what is socially acceptable is, of course, culturally relative. For example, while eating dogs may be morally offensive to some, many would react similarly to the practice of eating cows.   At the heart of the animal rights movement are two basic principles: the rejection of speciesism, and the knowledge that animals are sentient beings. Speciesism Speciesism is the disparate treatment of individual beings, based solely on their species. It is frequently compared to racism or sexism. Whats Wrong With Speciesism? Animal rights is based on the belief that treating a non-human animal differently just because the animal belongs to a different species is arbitrary and morally wrong. Of course, there are differences between human and non-human animals, but the animal rights community believes that those differences are not morally relevant. For example, many believe that humans have some cognitive abilities that are different from or higher than other animals, but, for the animal rights community, cognitive ability is not morally relevant. If it were, the smartest humans would have more moral and legal rights than other humans who were deemed intellectually inferior. Even if this difference were morally relevant, this trait does not apply to all humans. A person who is profoundly mentally retarded does not have the reasoning capabilities of an adult dog, so cognitive ability cannot be used to defend speciesism. Arent Humans Unique? The traits that were once believed to be unique to humans have now been observed in non-human animals. Until other primates were observed making and using tools, it was believed that only humans could do so. It was also once believed that only humans could use language, but we now see that other species communicate verbally in their own languages and even use human-taught languages. In addition, we  now know that animals have self-awareness, as demonstrated by the animal mirror test. However, even if these or other traits were unique to humans, they are not considered morally relevant by the animal rights community. If we cannot use species to decide which beings or objects in our universe deserve our moral consideration, what trait can we use? For many animal rights activists, that trait is sentience. Sentience Sentience is the ability to suffer. As philosopher Jeremy Bentham wrote, â€Å"the question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?† Because a dog is capable of suffering, a dog is worthy of our moral consideration. A table, on the other hand, is incapable of suffering, and is therefore not worthy of our moral consideration. Although harming the table may be morally objectionable if it compromises the economic, esthetic or utilitarian value of the table to the person who owns or uses it, we have no moral duty to the table itself. Why is Sentience Important? Most people recognize that we should not engage in activities that cause pain and suffering to other people. Inherent in that recognition is the knowledge that other people are capable of pain and suffering. If an activity causes undue suffering to someone, the activity is morally unacceptable. If we accept that animals are capable of suffering, it is therefore morally unacceptable to cause them undue suffering. To treat animal suffering differently from human suffering would be speciesist. What is Undue Suffering? When is suffering justified? Many animal activists would argue that since humans are capable of living without animal-based foods, living without animal entertainment and living without cosmetics tested on animals, these forms of animal suffering have no moral justification. What about medical research? Non-animal medical research is available, although there is quite a bit of debate over the scientific value of animal research versus non-animal research. Some argue that results from animal experimentation are not applicable to humans, and we should conduct research on human cell and tissue cultures, as well as human subjects who provide voluntary and informed consent. Others argue that a cell or tissue culture cannot simulate a whole animal, and animals are the best available scientific models. All would probably agree that there are certain experiments that cannot be done on humans, regardless of informed consent. From a pure animal rights standpoint, animals should not be treated differently from humans. Since involuntary human experimentation is universally condemned regardless of its scientific value and animals are incapable of giving voluntary consent to an experiment, animal experimentation should also be condemned. Maybe Animals Dont Suffer? Some might argue that animals do not suffer. A 17th century philosopher, Rene Descartes, argued that animals operated like clocks- intricate machines that have instincts, but do not suffer or feel pain. Most people who have lived with a companion animal would probably disagree with Descartes’ assertion, having observed the animal first-hand and watched how the animal reacts to hunger, pain, and fear. Animal trainers are also aware that beating an animal will often produce the desired results, because the animal quickly learns what needs to be done in order to avoid suffering. Isnt the Use of Animals Justified? Some may believe that animals suffer, but argue that animal suffering is justified in certain instances. For example, they may argue that slaughtering a cow is justified because that slaughter serves a purpose and the cow will be eaten. However, unless that same argument applies equally to the slaughter and consumption of humans, the argument is based in speciesism.

Basic Tenets of Animal Rights

Basic Tenets of Animal Rights Animal rights refers to the belief that animals have an intrinsic value separate from any value they have to humans  and are worthy of moral consideration. They have a right to be free from oppression, confinement, use and abuse by humans. The idea of animal rights may be difficult for some people to fully accept. This is because, throughout the world, animals are abused and killed for a wide variety of socially acceptable purposes, though what is socially acceptable is, of course, culturally relative. For example, while eating dogs may be morally offensive to some, many would react similarly to the practice of eating cows.   At the heart of the animal rights movement are two basic principles: the rejection of speciesism, and the knowledge that animals are sentient beings. Speciesism Speciesism is the disparate treatment of individual beings, based solely on their species. It is frequently compared to racism or sexism. Whats Wrong With Speciesism? Animal rights is based on the belief that treating a non-human animal differently just because the animal belongs to a different species is arbitrary and morally wrong. Of course, there are differences between human and non-human animals, but the animal rights community believes that those differences are not morally relevant. For example, many believe that humans have some cognitive abilities that are different from or higher than other animals, but, for the animal rights community, cognitive ability is not morally relevant. If it were, the smartest humans would have more moral and legal rights than other humans who were deemed intellectually inferior. Even if this difference were morally relevant, this trait does not apply to all humans. A person who is profoundly mentally retarded does not have the reasoning capabilities of an adult dog, so cognitive ability cannot be used to defend speciesism. Arent Humans Unique? The traits that were once believed to be unique to humans have now been observed in non-human animals. Until other primates were observed making and using tools, it was believed that only humans could do so. It was also once believed that only humans could use language, but we now see that other species communicate verbally in their own languages and even use human-taught languages. In addition, we  now know that animals have self-awareness, as demonstrated by the animal mirror test. However, even if these or other traits were unique to humans, they are not considered morally relevant by the animal rights community. If we cannot use species to decide which beings or objects in our universe deserve our moral consideration, what trait can we use? For many animal rights activists, that trait is sentience. Sentience Sentience is the ability to suffer. As philosopher Jeremy Bentham wrote, â€Å"the question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?† Because a dog is capable of suffering, a dog is worthy of our moral consideration. A table, on the other hand, is incapable of suffering, and is therefore not worthy of our moral consideration. Although harming the table may be morally objectionable if it compromises the economic, esthetic or utilitarian value of the table to the person who owns or uses it, we have no moral duty to the table itself. Why is Sentience Important? Most people recognize that we should not engage in activities that cause pain and suffering to other people. Inherent in that recognition is the knowledge that other people are capable of pain and suffering. If an activity causes undue suffering to someone, the activity is morally unacceptable. If we accept that animals are capable of suffering, it is therefore morally unacceptable to cause them undue suffering. To treat animal suffering differently from human suffering would be speciesist. What is Undue Suffering? When is suffering justified? Many animal activists would argue that since humans are capable of living without animal-based foods, living without animal entertainment and living without cosmetics tested on animals, these forms of animal suffering have no moral justification. What about medical research? Non-animal medical research is available, although there is quite a bit of debate over the scientific value of animal research versus non-animal research. Some argue that results from animal experimentation are not applicable to humans, and we should conduct research on human cell and tissue cultures, as well as human subjects who provide voluntary and informed consent. Others argue that a cell or tissue culture cannot simulate a whole animal, and animals are the best available scientific models. All would probably agree that there are certain experiments that cannot be done on humans, regardless of informed consent. From a pure animal rights standpoint, animals should not be treated differently from humans. Since involuntary human experimentation is universally condemned regardless of its scientific value and animals are incapable of giving voluntary consent to an experiment, animal experimentation should also be condemned. Maybe Animals Dont Suffer? Some might argue that animals do not suffer. A 17th century philosopher, Rene Descartes, argued that animals operated like clocks- intricate machines that have instincts, but do not suffer or feel pain. Most people who have lived with a companion animal would probably disagree with Descartes’ assertion, having observed the animal first-hand and watched how the animal reacts to hunger, pain, and fear. Animal trainers are also aware that beating an animal will often produce the desired results, because the animal quickly learns what needs to be done in order to avoid suffering. Isnt the Use of Animals Justified? Some may believe that animals suffer, but argue that animal suffering is justified in certain instances. For example, they may argue that slaughtering a cow is justified because that slaughter serves a purpose and the cow will be eaten. However, unless that same argument applies equally to the slaughter and consumption of humans, the argument is based in speciesism.

The Eternal Beatles (How did the group develop over the span of their Essay

The Eternal Beatles (How did the group develop over the span of their career) - Essay Example The Beatles were the embodiment of the 1960’s. They began their career as one type of band and ended as quite another altogether. This is the theme of their development, how they transformed from seemingly carefree suit and tie wearing lads who created innocuous, relatively simple songs to counter-culture icons widely perceived as leaders of a societal revolution. For America, the Beatles could not have emerged at a better time. The Beatles appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in February of 1964, served to effectively end the period of deep and seemingly endless mourning the country experienced following John F. Kennedy’s assassination the previous November. Since then, the country and the world has never been quite the same. The Beatles’ influence directly affected music, art, fashion, philosophy and culture from that time throughout the remainder of 1960’s and the band remains iconic still today. The February Ed Sullivan Show attracted 73 million viewers, 60 per cent of all American viewers, the largest ever television audience. That same month, ‘I Want to Hold Your Hand’ became the Beatles’ first record to make it to number one on the U.S. singles chart and by the next month the ‘Fab Four’ held the top five spots and six of the top ten positions in Canada. Their first national tour in the U.S. during August and September that same year, they â€Å"performed before more people than any other artists in the history of American pop music including Elvis Presley.† In 1964, Americans would spend more than $50 million on sales of Beatle-related merchandise as estimated by The Wall Street Journal.

Trial by Jury, Is the Lamp That Shows That Freedom Lives Assignment

Trial by Jury, Is the Lamp That Shows That Freedom Lives - Assignment Example The task of this paper is to determine whether â€Å"the lamp that shows that freedom lives† has lost its glow or is there still a need for jury service? The answers to the questions are in the affirmative. The prevailing government policy is to limit access to trial by jury to the most serious offences or indictable offences such as murder and rape and persons accused of summary offences such as driving offences, drunkenness or disorderly behaviour, common assault and criminal damage where the damage cost is less than ?50003 shall not be entitled to a trial by jury. Cases of this nature shall fall within the jurisdiction of the Magistrates Court. On the other hand, the Magistrates or Crown Court has concurrent jurisdiction over offenses such as theft, burglary and assault resulting in actual bodily harm, these are otherwise known as the â€Å"tri-able either way† offences. However, before a case is sent to the Crown Court, the Magistrates Court shall first determine if the case is grave enough to warrant an indictment before the Crown. Jury participation is seen to have been gradually dissipated or eroded. Before 1927, a coroner’s inquests is participated by juries to determine if there is sufficient ground to indict the person accused of the crime of killing to stand trial-either for murder or manslaughter. However, jury participation in 1927 was to limited inquest cases and under the Coroners Act 19884, coroner’s jury shall be necessary only when there is reason to suspect a death occurred in prison; in police custody or as a result of police causing injury; which is reportable under separate legislation to a government department or officer or to the Health & Safety Executive; occurring in circumstances prejudicial to public health or safety; and in any other case where it appears to him that there is reason to do so. Under the guise of administration of law and speedy disposition of cases, trial by jury is restricted in minor of fences and this is advocated to favour the victims of more serious or heinous crimes. Jury participation was dispensed with under the proposed Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 where the Home Office Secretary is empowered to create special inquests for reasons of national security or when public interest requires it. Although this provision was removed from the Counter-Terrorism Bill, it was included in the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Jury trial has likewise been abolished in civil cases except for cases involving libel and false imprisonment as well as in the Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004.5 The first argument proffered by the government that trial by jury is a slow process is indeed valid considering that it involves jury selection, interpretation of the law and summation of evidence by the judge and ending with the deliberation of the jury to either acquit or convict however expediency should not sacrifice the right of the accused to be tried by his peers summoned to m ake an fair and impartial ruling. This is a substantial right which cannot be withdrawn at will by the government because this guarantees that the accused’

Art as Expression Essay Example for Free

Art as Expression Essay The question of what art is cannot be properly answered without asking why art is. Prior to the advent of the written language, art was used as a means of communication, and in some ways, written language is in its own regard, art. Art, then, must be an expression of meaning by the artist, or potentially by the client that artist created the artwork for, but this assumption is altogether too broad. Art is not exclusively a private expression because it is left open to interpretation by the individual who looks upon it, and as such art can then be categorized as the representation through a variety of mediums, of whatever the beholder or artist thinks it should be. Which poses a greater question is something art if the individual who designed it had no intended message? Or visa versa is something art if the consumer of the artform does not perceive any message? I was at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art about a two years ago, and they had some very abstract pieces on display, all of which brought forth in me at least some semblance of a response, except for a piece by Robert Rauschenberg, call White Painting [three panel], that began a philosophical debate between my brother and I because I refused to call the â€Å"painting† art. To me, there was no way to interpret the three panels of white, they were simply empty canvases that Rauschenberg sold for substantially more than he bought them for. No soul, or emotion went into the piece and as I understand art, that does not qualify as any more than a man playing a abstraction crazy consumer culture for the fool. To backtrack, art in my eyes is the true expression of an artist to the consumer, for the purpose of provocation; art has to make something well up in a person, even if it is not enjoyment, even if it is sorrow, or anger. Art is the way we have always talked to each other as people, and the pure aesthetic painters and songwriters of the last century do not produce art. Art is emotion and passion mixing into something for others to partake in; there is no private art, there is only art that no one else has applied their own perceptions to yet.

Cows On Parade :: essays research papers fc

Cows in the City.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chicago – the Windy City†¦ Famous for its skyscrapers and the Magnificent Mile, this summer Chicago was embellished by a new landmark, or landmarks to be more exact. Nearly 300 cows have found a temporary home in the streets of downtown and its buildings. This extensive public art project, organized by the Chicago Public Art Program , commemorates the city’s industrial history, while bringing a sense of community and beauty to Chicago’s citizens and tourists. In this â€Å"parade†, every cow is full of meaning as well as artistic value. Although many might argue, I, to the contrary, would like to applaud the City of Chicago for the implementation of this great project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This project’s idea was brought to Chicago by Peter Hanig, after he saw a similar project in Zurich. From the North Michigan Avenue Business Association, the â€Å"cow† idea found its way to the Department of Cultural Affairs . This is how it all started. Sponsors commissioned artists, and the cows were on their way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is difficult to make a clear statement of whether the sponsors were trying to advertise using the cows or just participate selflessly in this magnificent â€Å"parade†. Some cows, such as â€Å"Give the Lady what She Wants† with shopping bags on its back is obviously nothing other than advertising for the Marshall Field’s & Co., the cow’s sponsor. The same can be said for the â€Å"Mooving Eli†, near the Eli’s Cheesecake, which also doesn’t disguise its advertising nature. Some people are disgusted to call this form of advertising a public art program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, it is not completely fair to blame sponsors for wanting to use the cows for their own benefit. If cows were bought with tax money, then this issue would become really controversial. Many people, with whom I will tend to agree, understand that although some cows are used for advertising, there are many cows that actually beautify and enrich the city of Chicago by their presence. One of the examples is the â€Å"Stampede† cow, near the historic Water Tower. This cow achieves an incredible much in terms of promoting the city and is a true example of a public art figure that celebrates the city’s diversity of events. This cow is painted with images of Chicago’s celebrations, such as the â€Å"Taste of Chicago†, the â€Å"Venetian Night† and the air show. It is mostly delightful to see a smile on little children’s faces as well as the faces of adults. Cows On Parade :: essays research papers fc Cows in the City.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chicago – the Windy City†¦ Famous for its skyscrapers and the Magnificent Mile, this summer Chicago was embellished by a new landmark, or landmarks to be more exact. Nearly 300 cows have found a temporary home in the streets of downtown and its buildings. This extensive public art project, organized by the Chicago Public Art Program , commemorates the city’s industrial history, while bringing a sense of community and beauty to Chicago’s citizens and tourists. In this â€Å"parade†, every cow is full of meaning as well as artistic value. Although many might argue, I, to the contrary, would like to applaud the City of Chicago for the implementation of this great project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This project’s idea was brought to Chicago by Peter Hanig, after he saw a similar project in Zurich. From the North Michigan Avenue Business Association, the â€Å"cow† idea found its way to the Department of Cultural Affairs . This is how it all started. Sponsors commissioned artists, and the cows were on their way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is difficult to make a clear statement of whether the sponsors were trying to advertise using the cows or just participate selflessly in this magnificent â€Å"parade†. Some cows, such as â€Å"Give the Lady what She Wants† with shopping bags on its back is obviously nothing other than advertising for the Marshall Field’s & Co., the cow’s sponsor. The same can be said for the â€Å"Mooving Eli†, near the Eli’s Cheesecake, which also doesn’t disguise its advertising nature. Some people are disgusted to call this form of advertising a public art program.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, it is not completely fair to blame sponsors for wanting to use the cows for their own benefit. If cows were bought with tax money, then this issue would become really controversial. Many people, with whom I will tend to agree, understand that although some cows are used for advertising, there are many cows that actually beautify and enrich the city of Chicago by their presence. One of the examples is the â€Å"Stampede† cow, near the historic Water Tower. This cow achieves an incredible much in terms of promoting the city and is a true example of a public art figure that celebrates the city’s diversity of events. This cow is painted with images of Chicago’s celebrations, such as the â€Å"Taste of Chicago†, the â€Å"Venetian Night† and the air show. It is mostly delightful to see a smile on little children’s faces as well as the faces of adults.

The International Baccalaureate Program Education Essay

Education and life of the twenty-first Century in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program. Campaigners for the International Baccalaureate Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A In add-on, they must run into the demands of International Baccalaureate CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, composing an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and the testing of 150 hours of preparation services. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is a 2 twelvemonth educational plan. It is created for the pupils aged 16 – 19, and it provides an internationally recognized making for entry into higher instruction. This programme is besides recognized by universities around the universe. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is administered by the International Baccalaureate and it is taught in one of three linguistic communications – English, Gallic or Spanish. If pupils want to take part in International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, pupils must go to International Baccalaureate School. International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme pupils complete appraisal in six topics. Although the International Baccalaureate encourages pupils to prosecute the full sheepskin, International Baccalaureate significant load requires a batch of committednesss and enterprises, If they want to but pupils may take to register one or more separate entities International Baccalaure ate without basic demands. Such pupils will non have the full sheepskin. The International Baccalaureate plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have International Baccalaureate Diploma or Certificate. Contentss page Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Body 6 Decision 12 Mentions and bibliography 14 Introduction Educational Program International Baccalaureate ( International Baccalaureate ) was founded in Switzerland in the late 60-ies as a cosmopolitan school plan with a common course of study that would let schools in one state to see instruction received in another state, tantamount to the national.A As the distribution of the plan IB Diploma ( alleged sheepskin IB, in fact – certification of school ) have come to acknowledge the taking universities in the world.A Now in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Norway, Sweden and some other states, pupils with such attestations shall take into universities without entryway examinations.A Today Programme International Baccalaureate can larn from school in 1020 100 countries.A The fastest turning figure of schools in the U.S.A As a regulation, in all states schools, practicians trained in this theoretical account, are among the best.A This means, that the degree of secondary instruction provided in schools IB, above the national standard.A The IB plan exists to give pupils the cognition and accomplishments needed in life to everyone, irrespective of profession, every bit good as the accomplishments of societal adaptation.A Within the model of primary accent on academic accomplishments, the ability to believe critically, independent work skills.A Through this attack, the pupils increased motive and involvement in cognition, and therefore performance.A The IB plan is designed for two years.A The specific course of study may change from school to school, but in general is as follows.A Education is one of the three working linguistic communications of the IB: English, Gallic or Spanish ( but may be learning their native linguistic communication, native and universe literature in the national linguistic communication ) .A The footing of the plan – the survey of six topics that a pupil chooses.A Subjects of the plan are taught at two degrees: â€Å" advanced † ( Higher degree ) and â€Å" standard † ( Standard degree ) .A The first involves the scrutiny of subject in the sum of 240 preparation hours, the 2nd – 150 hours.A In the â€Å" advanced † degree study three or four topics, as a regulation necessary for him to acquire into college. The Extended Essay, which is a compulsory nucleus constituent for the International Baccalaureate Diploma ProgrammeA ( IBDP ) , is a research paper that gives pupils the chance to to carry on independent research or probe on a subject that involvements them. The Extended Essay demands a batch of creativeness and ain involvement during creative activity of the essay on the subject that is the most of import for the individual. The Extended Essay is a really utile constituent of the International Baccalaureate, because it prepares pupils to go competitory in our ambitious universe. An drawn-out essay is utile for the pupils because in some manner it can assist develop new accomplishments and to open possibilities and generate thoughts. Writing an drawn-out essay helps pupils to happen out about themselves, research something they have of all time wanted and to look into on a subject that has been interesting to them. The intent of the drawn-out essay, to give pupils an chance to: aˆ? carry oning independent research on the subject focal point ; aˆ? development of scientific research and communicating accomplishments ; aˆ? developing accomplishments of originative and critical thought ; aˆ? engagement in a systematic procedure of research related to the subject ; aˆ? Experience exhilaration of rational find. Education and life of the twenty-first Century in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program. Campaigners for the IB Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A In add-on, they must run into the demands of IB CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, to compose an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and trial of 150 hours of preparation services throughout the ( CAS ) . The Extended Essay, which is a compulsory nucleus constituent for the International Baccalaureate Diploma ProgrammeA ( IBDP ) , is a research paper that gives pupils the chance to carry on independent research or probe on a subject that involvements them. The Extended Essay demands a batch of creativeness and ain involvement during creative activity of the essay on the subject that is the most of import for the individual. The Extended Essay is a really utile constituent of the International Baccalaureate, because it prepares pupils to go competitory in our ambitious universe. The Extended Essay gives the pupil an chance to research an academic subject in deepness, doing it among the most valued constituents of the IB course of study. With the Extended Essay, every pupil has the chance to look into a subject of his specific involvement. IB – a plan for two old ages, after which pupils receive the IB International Baccalaureate which is recognized and accepted by universities in the UK and other countries.A Courses at the IB plan are offered in 40 public and private schools and colleges in the UK and besides in 930 schools and colleges in 105 countries.A International Baccalaureate plan can be an attractive option to A-level plan for academically gifted pupils who are looking for a more complete, complex and interesting curriculum.A It includes linguistic communications, mathematics, humanistic disciplines and natural scientific disciplines, originative things. Students perform supervisory work in the procedure of acquisition, and at the terminal of the program.A These trial documents are checked by testers of IB plans around the universe. Grades for each category ranged from 1 to 7.A Students who have received a sum of 24 to 45 points, are entitled to have IB Diploma.A The programme is hard and interesting for both pupils and instructors. This complex and interesting plan requires the full committedness of motivated pupils and teachers.A Schools are required to continuously re-evaluation and betterment, utilizing the criterions and guidelines used by all IB schools in the world.A Besides, pupils must go through strong comprehensive classs: A Theory of Knowledge ( TOK ) – â€Å" The Theory of Knowledge † .A This class of philosophical program, a kind of theory of research, methods and theoretical accounts of comprehension of the new.A In short, these lessons are taught to larn and non afraid to reason in the hunt for truth, here gives a base for learning.A The class besides teaches pupils to compose an essay to reason his point of position, to give definitions and formulate hypotheses, intelligently discuss.A Creativity, Action, Service ( CAS ) – â€Å" Creativity, action, service † .A Creativity may include release of the school newspaper, composing a book for the Christmas tree, etc.A Action – is a athletics, dancing – in short, all the nomadic activities.A Serving the community – is any activity aimed to assist the disadvantaged, protecting the environment etc.A – From kids ‘s places to assist in the building of the church.A Participating in theatre, athleticss, societal work contributed to the fact that non merely uncover their endowments, but besides develop of import qualities such as heed, caring about others and ability to work in a team.A By the terminal of the plan, each pupil must compose a alleged â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) sum of at least 4000 words.A This must be the kind of record of the self-conducted research on a chosen subject, which is performed under the counsel of a teacher.A This enables pupils to get the accomplishments of research.A One major difference between the plan IB – is first and foremost, the attack to the survey of the subject.A Typically, in IB plan used different methods of analysis, accent on composing research documents and an independent experimental activities of students.A To acquire the Diploma Programme International Baccalaureate, a pupil must finish the plan and carry throughing all demands: base on balls an scrutiny in all six topics ( three topics at advanced degree and in three topics at standard degree ) , write the Extended Essay, and two ofA on Theory of Knowledge, work out at least 150 hours on the plan Creativity, Action, Service completed and all undertakings and mini-projects.A Each twelvemonth about 30,000 pupils receive the IB. The Extended Essay besides gives the pupil an chance to research an academic subject in deepness, doing it among the most valued constituents of the IB course of study. With the Extended Essay, every pupil has the chance to look into a subject of his ain involvement. The IB plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Teachers IB plans are invariably subjected to analysis and seek to better their instruction process.A The instructors are IB World schools have entree to the preparation centre on the Internet. The Center provides certification on the plan, illustrations of pupil work, and besides serves as an international centre of communicating for instructors program.A They may confer with with other instructors in IB schools around the universe and put their ain development as illustrations for other instructors. Capable Area -the essay capable country is chosen by the pupil. These topics are: English/Literature History Politicss Biology Mathematics Psychology Chemistry Music Theater Arts Economicss Peace & A ; Conflict Studies Visual Humanistic disciplines Environmental Systems Philosophy World Religions Geography Physicss An drawn-out essay is utile for the pupils because in some manner it can assist develop new accomplishments and to open possibilities and generate thoughts. This is a really interesting experience, because the subjects pupils are composing are of their involvement and it is ever a joy to make what you like and to speak about what is interesting for a individual. Writing an drawn-out essay helps pupils to happen out about themselves, research something they have of all time wanted and to look into on a subject that has been interesting to them. The intent of the drawn-out essay, to give pupils an chance to: aˆ? carry oning independent research on the subject focal point ; aˆ? development of scientific research and communicating accomplishments ; aˆ? developing accomplishments of originative and critical thought ; aˆ? engagement in a systematic procedure of research related to the subject ; aˆ? Experience exhilaration of rational find. The IB plan is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Campaigners for the full IB Diploma will utilize the drawn-out essay or undertaking in the CAS as their undertaking seminar senior students SSE. Most pupils IB plan participate in assorted Sessionss during school hours, in the early phases of recognizing the importance of precedences which are set and non detaining instances until subsequently. Upon completion of the plan, pupils will get: ability to believe international classs, finely honed accomplishments of critical thought, assurance in all their academic enterprises. Besides, pupils will larn: conducting independent research, composing essays for college degree, critical analysis of information, taking the context of reading, rules of effectual acquisition, readying of the balanced agenda. And pupils frequently receive: penchant for admittance to college, loans for College, admittance to the plan increased, preparation, scholarships. All Advanced Features external rating experts IBO.A There are general standards for rating. And it is used to find the essay score.A The chief standards relate to general facets of the essays, such as letters, usage of the informations and general idea.A Subject standards are concerned about how to take the subject direction in the context of chosen subject in the essay.A Official guidelines for essays will be given to a pupil, when the subject of an essay will non be completed. The classs of the mark of the essay: A first-class B good C satisfactory D mediocre E simple By the terminal of the International Baccalaureate plan, each pupil must compose a alleged â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) sum of at least 4000 words.A This must be the kind of record of the self-conducted research on a chosen subject, which is performed under the counsel of a teacher.A This enables pupils to get the accomplishments of research.A Every twelvemonth about 30,000 pupils receive the International Baccalaureate Diploma.A For diploma International Baccalaureate a pupil should: A -successfully pass the tests in all six topics ( three topics at advanced degree and three -subjects at standard degree ) ; A -write â€Å" elaborate essay † ( Extended Essay ) A ; -write two documents on the Theory of Knowledge ( TOK ) A ; -work out at least 150 hours of plan Creativity, Action, Service ( CAS ) A ; -complete all undertakings and mini-projects. Theory of Knowledge class gives pupils a possibility to make and believe about cognition, to believe about larning in all topics they learn in the class of Diploma Programme, and to set up links between academic fields.A Advanced essay, much of the missive to 4000 words, and it enables pupils to research subjects of their specific involvement, which they can choose.A It helps pupils to utilize their creativeness and thoughts, every bit good as imaginativeness and besides to develop accomplishments of independent research, which should be at the university. Diploma Programme aims to develop pupils ‘ cognition and accomplishments and besides they will necessitate to execute undertakings IBO, as outlined in the statement of the organisation ‘s mission and pupil profile. Teaching and acquisition in the Diploma Programme aid to show world in the mundane pattern of educational doctrine of the organisation. Extended essays in the doctrine give pupils the chance to look into the philosophical subjects of particular interest.A The pupil is invited to come in into serious, personal ideas, develop and learn in a disciplined and originative manner specific philosophical questions.A Chosen subject can be supported, for illustration, work done in category, current events on issues associating to modern-day argument, treatment, single reading and / or contemplation, or conceptual characteristics of belief systems that have non antecedently encountered by the student.A It is bounded that the subject should be chosen so that it can be considered carefully.A For illustration, in May, it is preferred to take as a starting point, specific hypotheses, instead than general, some of the thoughts of a philosopher, non a few, or one text, the philosopher, but non all of his or her work. Counter-claims and expostulations must be provided, to see and, if possible, refuted.A Although it is inappropriate to be avoided, the wider deductions of philosophical inquiries should research the appropriate grade and consciousness must be clear links between these issues and more planetary jobs of human life. Of peculiar note is the flexibleness of the program.A Every three old ages, amended.A On bettering the classs are invariably working profile commissions of teachers.A Thus, International Baccalaureate – a various plan that combines the really best that exists in school instruction in different countries.A This is a cosmopolitan linguistic communication that is apprehensible to about any university or college. However, the International Baccalaureate sheepskin receive merely those on the test in the sum scored at least 24 points ( scrutinies – 6, the highest mark – 7, the lowest – 1, 3 more points available for the thesis, and engagement in the competition CAS ) .A Cope with this undertaking is non all: for the universe statistics, around 30 % of pupils who completed the class, remain without a diploma.A International Baccalaureate sheepskin is extremely valued for their objectiveness, because in add-on to internal rating, which exposes the school instructors, the pupil receives and external appraisal, which exhibited abroad tester One trial centre in the UK International Baccalaureate – a cosmopolitan plan, which incorporated all the mostA the best that exists in school instruction in different countries.A This is a cosmopolitan linguistic communication that is apprehensible to about any university or college.DecisionEducation and life of the twenty-first Centu ry in an interdependent and globalized universe require an ability to believe critically and creatively, to hold an internationally orientative believing – is that pupils learn to understand the International Baccalaureate Program ( IB ) , and it is unfastened to any pupil who wishes to have IB Diploma or Certificate. Campaigners for the IB Diploma in the last two old ages of high school take six IB classes.A And besides they must run into the demands of IB CORE, which include: Theory of Knowledge class, an drawn-out essay of 4,000 words and the testing of 150 hours of preparation services throughout the ( CAS ) . Extended essays in the doctrine ever give pupils an chance to look into the philosophical subjects of their interest.A Students are invited to believe creatively, develop and larn in a disciplined and originative manner of specific philosophical inquiry, it is appropriate to this issue and come to a clear conclusion.A Chosen subject can be supported, for illustration, work done in category to current events on issues associating to modern-day argument, treatment, single reading and / or contemplation, or conceptual characteristics of belief systems that have non antecedently encountered by the pupil. To go an International Baccalaureate, an educational establishment has to get down application procedure. Besides, during that period instructors have preparations in the International Baccalaureate. After application procedure, International Baccalaureate there is authorization.A Equally shortly as school is authorized to offer the International Baccalaureate, so one-year fee gives the warrant to expose the International Baccalaureate logo, entree to Online Curriculum Centre, support from the International Baccalaureate and besides entree to International Baccalaureate Information System.A Online Curriculum Centre besides provides information, resources and support for International Baccalaureate coordinators and instructors. International Baccalaureate Information System is a database, used by International Baccalaureate coordinators.A IB – a plan for two old ages, after which pupils receive the International Baccalaureate, which is recognized and accepted by universities in the UK and other countries.A Courses at the IB plan are offered in 40 public and private schools and colleges in the UK and besides in 930 schools and colleges in 105 countries.A As the distribution of the plan IB Diploma ( alleged sheepskin IB, in fact – certification of school ) have come to acknowledge the taking universities in the world.A Now in the USA, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Norway, Sweden and some other states, pupils with such attestations shall take into universities without entryway examinations.A Today Programme International Baccalaureate can larn from school in 1020 100 countries.A The fastest turning figure of schools in the U.S..A As a regulation, in all states schools, practicians trained in this theoretical account, are among the best.A This means, that the degree of secondary instruction provided in schools IB, above the national standard.A The IB plan exists to give pupils the cognition and accomplishments, really utile in life to everyone, irrespective of profession, every bit good as the accomplishments of societal adaptation.A Within the model of primary accent on academic accomplishments, the ability to believe critically, independent work accomplishments.

British expansion into Africa between 1868 and 1902 Essay

To what extent were humanitarian and missionary motives the most important reason for British expansion into Africa between 1868 and 1902? Although there had been British presence in Africa from the start of the 19th Century, with British areas of control including Cape Colony, Orange Free State and areas along the West coast, prior to 1880 Britain had in reality very few possessions in Africa. Only when the ‘Scramble for Africa’ was triggered did Britain, along with many other European great powers, begin its campaign for territorial acquisition. The fundamental motives for British expansion into Africa were essentially the economic interest Africa held for Britain and its entrepreneurs, the rivalry Africa created between the Great European Powers, its strategic value and what was commonly presented to the British public as being the most important motive, humanitarian purposes. For many, including Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain, it was believed that Britain had a moral obligation to bring civilization and Christianity to the native population who were considered to be ‘uncivilized’ and racially inferior. Moreover, the Church strongly promoted the idea of missionary work in Africa; the Church encouraged the notion that a fundamental element of imperial occupation was the extension of Christianity which therefore was a motive behind imperialism in Africa. Many missionary societies were created such as the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel which conducted fund-raising activities and lectures. An example of a well known missionary was Mary Slessor who went to carry out her mission in Africa. Particularly concerned with tribal customs viewed as ‘un-Christian’, she set out to end human sacrifice, slavery and other forms of brutality. However, in reality humanitarian motives were of very limited significance in motivating British expansion into Africa; Britain was not simply guided by altruism and a quest to help the native populations, but instead was largely led by the economic and strategic interests the continent represented for it. Ultimately, it is likely that missionary incentives were simply conveyed as significant in order to win over public opinion and support, particularly through the media and popular entertainment. Of considerably greater significance to Britain was the strategic value that Africa held. Africa had always been strategically vital for Britain’s trade route to the Jewel of its Empire, India. Although Britain had few possessions in Africa before 1880, the few it did have included Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Cape Colony, all of which were deliberately very strategically situated along the coast. This provided Britain with stopping points and allowed it to ensure the security of its position along the long trade route to India. After the construction of the Suez Canal in 1969 Africa, and in particular Egypt, became of even greater strategic importance as the canal provided a quick route to India. As a result the canal attracted considerable British investment in Egypt and in the canal itself. This was illustrated when Britain invaded Egypt in 1882 in response to nationalist riots. British intervention demonstrated how Britain recognized the need to protect the financial investments in Egypt, and most importantly secure the route to India, despite Gladstone’s own personal policy of non-intervention. Moreover, it demonstrates how strategic considerations were ultimately only significant in order to protect Britain’s trade routes and its economic interests in Africa. However, the British occupation of Egypt in 1882 resulted in a turning point in European attitudes towards Africa. It was after this occupation that the ‘Scramble for Africa’ by European powers began, thus creating the issue of extreme rivalry between the Great powers, something which was very important in motivating formal British control in Africa. Until the 1880’s Britain felt no real need to establish formal territorial control, instead it relied on an ‘informal empire’ in which they had established a purely economic influence. Britain had not wished for territorial control in Africa which they recognized absorbed time, people and money but rather economic exploitation at minimum cost. Yet British seizure of Egypt meant that other European nations began to show expansionist interest in the region which in turn threatened Britain’s informal arrangement, particularly in West and Southern Africa. For example, Britain had an interest in Nigeria but a danger was that important trade along the River Niger would be under threat from French expansion in the area. Similar pressure came when Germany seized Togoland and the Cameroons in 1884 and the Belgians set up the Congo Free State in 1885. As a result the government granted a Royal Charter to the Niger Company, out of which eventually emerged the colony of Nigeria. It is unlikely that the government would have regarded the interests of the Niger traders very sympathetically had it not been for its determination not to allow France, Belgium and Germany from grabbing land which would threaten British trade, something which was of foremost importance to Britain and it would not allow to be compromised. The scramble in West Africa had also resulted in Berlin West Africa Conference which laid down rules for future annexation of territory. The treaty stated that in order to gain land a nation had to prove that they were in ‘effective occupation’. This meant that before taking formal control, an economic influence had to be established in the region by private investors and entrepreneurs. For example, a noted ‘man on the spot’ was Cecil Rhodes. At the age of seventeen Rhodes went to Arica and became a multimillionaire through diamond and gold mining enterprises. In 1889 he founded the British South Africa Company and used this organization to push British control northwards from Cape Colony to establish Rhodesia, a colony named after himself. The role of the individual itself was of limited importance in driving or furthering British expansion into Africa as few entrepreneurs managed o push forward territory as Rhodes had. However, it was ultimately motivated by economic interests and it allowed the British government to most significantly protect British influence in an area by proving ‘effective occupation’ which therefore allowed Britain to compete in the scramble with other nations and thereby protect its trade and economic interests in Africa. Finally, of foremost importance in motivating British expansion into Africa was the economic interest the continent held for Britain. Firstly Britain’s colonies along the west coast had always been strategically important for the vital trade route to India and later North Africa became equally as vital in Britain’s route to India via the Suez Canal. However, beyond this Britain was extremely keen to exploit the continents abundance of natural materials and extremely valuable minerals. This is evident as Britain was clearly only interested in seizing colonies that, if not strategically important, were rich in materials to exploit. For example, Egypt was seized by Britain due to its vast economic importance as it provided the quick route to India and additionally produced high quality cotton which was much sought after by British textile manufacturers. Furthermore the attraction to the British of Nigeria lay in the palm oil trade as palm oil was used in the manufacture of soap and candles and as an industrial lubricant. Britain also saw great potential for trade in East Africa; Zanzibar imported significant quantities of manufactured goods from Britain and India. It was a major trading point from which came ivory and leather goods and into which went textiles, brass and steel from Britain. Britain’s primary interest was trade and economic gain. Without any economic potential in an area Britain was not interested in colonization, in contrast if a region held great economic investments, for example Egypt, Britain was quick to occupy the area despite its reluctance to extend formal control which it viewed as consuming time, people and money. In summary, Africa’s economic potential was clearly the primary reason for British expansion into Africa 1868-1902. Britain was not a solely altruistic nation which became involved in the continent purely to help the people, instead it was driven by its own gains. It is true that rivalry from other great European powers was vital in turning British control in Africa from informal into solid occupation, however essentially Britain’s determination not to allow other nations to grab land was to avoid threat to its trade and economic interests in a region. Moreover, Africa’s strategic importance was also highly valued by Britain, yet once again its ultimate value lay in its path along the crucial route to India and therefore the protection of Britain’s economic interest.

Medea Study guide character analysis Essays

Medea Study guide character analysis Essays Medea Study guide character analysis Essay Medea Study guide character analysis Essay Essay Topic: Medea Analyzing Character, conflict, and theme in a dramatic work. Medea By: YourNekoKittyCat Yellow Who is the protagonist? What traits make him or her complex- round and dynamic? Answer: Medea is the protagonist, at first she was in love with Jason, he soon left her heart broken; chosing greed over the girl who saved his life twice. After that Medea became sad, it would grow inside of her, as she wanted revenge more and more, each passing moment was Just another thought about her hatred for Jason. Who is the antagonist? What is her or her motivation? Is the antagonist complex? Answer: Jason is the antagonist, his motivation was money, power, and fame. He changes sometimes, being two faced as in the story he said Do you think that Ive lost intrest in you, Medea, or that I really care so much about the pincess? Nonsense! then saying Its too late for all that, now that youve angered King Creon. After Medea was playing along. Another way he is complex or a protagonist is Medea aved him, and he was greatful, possibly in love even, then throwing her away after and soon despising her. -Who are the flat or static characters? How do you know? Answer: There are a few flat/static characters, some of them are the Nurse, she continued to take care of Medea even as she became vindictive. Another would be the three women, they stayed with Medea the whole time almost like back up. The tutor stayed the same, as did Medeas sons and the messenger.

Resiniferatoxin Is Much Hotter Than Capsaicin

Resiniferatoxin Is Much Hotter Than Capsaicin The hottest hot pepper is no match for the spicy heat of the resin spurge Euphorbia resinifera, a cactus-like plant native to Morocco. The resin spurge produces a chemical called resiniferatoxin, or RTX, which is a thousand times hotter on the Scoville scale than pure capsaicin, the chemical that produces heat in hot peppers. Law enforcement-grade pepper spray and the hottest hot pepper, the Trinidad Moruga Scorpion, both pack a punch of about 1.6 million Scoville heat units. Pure capsaicin comes in at 16 million Scoville units, while pure resiniferatoxin has 16 billion- yes, billion- Scoville heat units. Both the capsaicin from hot peppers and the resiniferatoxin from the Euphorbia can give you chemical burns or even kill you. Resiniferatoxin makes the plasma membrane of sensory neurons permeable to cations, especially calcium. Initial exposure to resiniferatoxin acts as a strong irritant, followed by analgesia. Even though the chemicals may be painfully hot, both capsaicin and resiniferatoxin can be used for pain relief.

Medical microbiology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Medical microbiology - Assignment Example (ii) The most commonly used stain for the gastric biopsy for the detection of H. pylori is the modified giemsa stain. Sections of the biopsy in a patient with gastritis would show epithelial damage and a generalized decrease in the thickness of the mucus layer. Eroded areas of the stomach lining would also show the presence of white blood cells such as lymphocytes and neutrophils. A haematoxylin and eosin stain of a person with chronic gastritis would show polymorphonuclear leucocytes intruding into the lining of the mucus gland. Helicobacter pylori resides deep into the lining of the stomach wall, and as the polymorphonuclear cell cannot easily reach the site of infection, they release superoxide radicals which damages the stomach lining. A methylene blue stain of the section would stain the H. pylori bacteria blue and would present as small curve shaped, spiral bacteria in the mucus lining. (iii) 13C urea breath test is a very accurate, non-invasive, simple test that can produce results within 20 minutes. Helicobacter pylori produces urease enzyme which forms the basis of 13C urea breath test. The patient is given a non-radioactive 13C urea to drink, which is broken down into ammonia and bicarbonate by the urease enzyme in Helicobacter pylori. Bicarbonate ions dissociate into Carbon dioxide and water in the acidic environment of the stomach. The 13C isotope containing carbondioxide is absorbed into the blood stream and taken to the lungs to be expired. Readings are taken of the expired air and the results are sent to the lab for Mass correlation spectrometry to be performed and levels of 13CO2 are determined, which are synonymous with the presence of Helicobacter pylori. (iv) A triple regimen therapy is advised to the patient, which consists of a proton pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole) and two antibiotics (e.g. amoxicillin,

Schools and court systems need to work together to tackle the problem Article

Schools and court systems need to work together to tackle the problem with trauncy and increase graduation rate - Article Example In order to prevent truancy one needs to find out the main reason behind truancy. Trujillo (2006) observes there are four primary causes behind truancy - student demographics, family characteristics, personal and psychological factors of the student, and climate and condition of family, school and society (Trujillo, 2006, p.74). Truancy and Dropouts School absenteeism and truancy is not always the same. There are various kinds of absenteeism and not all are grouped under the term truancy. Absence of a student from specific classes or in course of specific lessons or absence under parental consent would not fall under truancy. But, absence without any proper reason can be considered under truancy. If absence without good reason continues then there is a chance that students might incur poor academic results. Sometime bad relations with teachers or friends, involvement in unconstructive activities cause truancy. Once a young student starts believing that they are lagging behind his or her batch mates then the tendency of dropping out also increases rapidly as the latter option is more convenient than competing with others (Reid, 2005, p.59). Truancy and Juvenile Crime Truancy not only affects the young generation of the country but also hampers the growth of the population as well as development of the future generation. The direct and indirect effects of truancy always have an impact on individual, families, school and society in both short as well as long term. Zhang et.al (2007) observes that truancy destroys potential in youths. As a result they are headed for social isolation, criminal activities and education failure. Tendency of chronic absence in the early school days was associated with poor results in examination, isolation from friends’ groups which ultimately caused dropouts in near future. In their review, they also pointed out that, truancy accounted for almost 26% of juvenile crime cases. According to their point of view, truancy can be cons idered as a first sign of trouble and most powerful reason for the delinquent behavior. Students who miss occasional classes were more inclined to get addicted to marijuana than those who never skip. They also mentioned that students who admitted being involved in truancy were, likely to be reported having committed serious crimes, and arrested owing to their involvement in serious assault. Generally when youths were absent from school, the rate of crime increased during the school going years only. Some truants were reported hanging out during school time, cruising in cars, and getting into trouble while skipping school (Zhang et.al, 2007, pp. 246-250). How Truancy Affect Dropout Dropouts from the school is directly associated with truancy. In the beginning of their school days, if students remain absent from school without any proper reason then they eventually consider this as a habit. White and Kelly observe the rates of dropout in USA were 11% among the age group of 18-24 in th e year 2008. They also pointed out the fact that rate of drop out was higher among the low income group which was 10.4% compared to that of the high income group (2.5%) in the same year. Truancy and absenteeism was the main reason behind this increased rate of drop out. Once it becomes a habit, students chose to drop out rather than catching up. In 2007 almost 9 percent students from the age group of 16-24 years dropped

The Fall (of man) in Genesis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Fall (of man) in Genesis - Research Paper Example iew it, it is the â€Å"conflict of conflicts† that swayed the peace of man as he entered a new era where peace between him and fellow man, him and Gods creation was eroded. The conflict between Man and God and its solution is much similar to the conflict that exists in the contemporary society between people, countries and even leaders. As the ebb of peace is enjoyed between each tide of war, man (and countries alike) assesses previous battles, losses and gains, so as to strengthen itself for future conflicts. Seldom do men realize the very origin of conflict may be traced to the Old Testament book of Genesis. It should be understood that not every fall ends up in a war, but the source of all conflict is the result of one fall in particular. The fall of man as depicted in Genesis begins the greatest conflicts known: the conflict of man verses God; the conflict of man verses man; and the conflict of man verse creation. In the book of Genesis, Man was the most privileged work of God’s creation. God created man as the last creature after He had created the earth, a conducive environment for man. As opposed to other beings that were created out of nothingness, man was created from soil, a symbol that he was a special creation on Earth1. Much more, he was created in the image and likeness of God, to signify the close relationship that God established between man and Himself as the most privileged work of creation. This special treatment is also manifested in the nature of the responsibilities that the Lord gave to man as regards the entire work of creation. The Lord asked man to take responsibility of the land, the animals and the environment as he fends for his existence in this work of creation. In principle, man was placed as the overall in the work of creation, a superior being than no other in the Garden of Aden. When God noted that Adam was lonely, he created Eve from his own rib so that she would keep him company and wipe away his loneliness2. The love of God

English Literature Essays Beauty Truth Art

English Literature Essays Beauty Truth Art Beauty Truth Art In his famous apostrophe to the â€Å"Grecian Urn†, the immortal poet, John Keats, wrote: â€Å"Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say’st, â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.† This very famous statement on Beauty and Truth and their interchangeability poses a very important question in the postmodern era. Art and its convention of the ‘Beauty’/‘Beautiful’ has imperceptibly changed over the decades, from something that should reflect the Ideal (and in reality, twice removed from it, as per Plato), or in essence complete and offering pleasure to the senses to something, that expresses the unique consciousness/angst of the creator. Art has thus rediscovered its definition for beauty. If beauty is truth, then it may dare to be grotesque too, for truth may be harsh or horrific. Beauty does not suggest something beautiful in the actual sense of the term, but that, which comes closer to the true expressions of the self and the vision of a generation’s psyche, that is fragmented, kitsch-like, complex and beyond the metanarratives of a suffocating conformity. Beauty has evolved into a freedom for expression. Contemporary art, especially questions the paradigms of aesthetic values, with artists like Chapman Brothers or Justin Novak producing artwork that are clearly meant to provoke reactions and challenge notions of beauty, that had it’s roots in Kant’s â€Å"Critique of Judgment† (1790). It contemplated on the â€Å"pure† aesthetic experience of art consisting of a â€Å"disinterested† observer, pleasing for its own sake and beyond any utility or morality. Now, the very word ‘pleasing’ may have different boundaries and contemporary art is trying to escalate their claims. If Marcel Duchamp made a fountain out of a urinal in 1917, that hurtled the Dadaist movement and that later amplified into a surrealist tendency looking into primitive art for their subconscious inspiration, to reveal the mental process, then the essential motivation behind the whole thing was subversion. If primitivism was motivating a new dimension by which beauty of the mind was revealed, then Picasso completely subjectified art and personal experience into a fourth dimension and created a cubist movement to claim a break down of a canon that no longer held on to techniques, symbols and least of all universal criteria for judging anything. There are many socio-ideological forces behind the same and the destructive World Wars had many reasons to question the notions behind the traditional idea of Beauty, and it addressed the subjective, transcendental and alienated psyche of modern man. Metaphysical hopelessness gave way from absurdity to beauty, while the meaninglessness of this ‘Being’, made beauty seem more akin to grotesque, either by derision or by the light of their tragic truth. What makes the question more intriguing is that, whether contemporary art has found a better form of beauty (constructed to please and create a certain discursive paradigm) in the grotesque, since it frees us from any moral and political/ideological constraints? Can it be linked to greater dimensions of teleological magnitude, or should it be treated as an alternative method of understanding true aesthetic, if not the complete aspect of aesthetic itself? Is grotesque possible without the knowledge of Beauty itself? I shall attempt to answer the following questions that I raised, with a few examples. One must first understand the idea behind perception and the dialogical force that surrounds it. If the world is raised as an illusion in one’s mind then the mind has been symbolically trained to read it as a language. This matrix of complex spontaneity is ‘paradigmatically’ and ‘syntagmatically’ (Roman Jakobson, 1987) being challenged, when Grotesque plays the part of Beauty. The Dystopia arises out of a shattered archetype that must restructure itself to include elements of the grotesque within the beauty, and reach towards the same aesthetic experience: the sublime. But interestingly what produces sublime is shock. But one must not confuse this with the cathartic experience of the ‘Tragic’ pity and terror, but something quite opposite to an ideal communicative situation that all such art produces. Thus this element of mimesis and/or representation of the ideal have given way to an â€Å"infinite subjectivity† (Hegel, Lectures on Fine Art, given in the 1820s), or the abyss of the human mind and condition. But the self is â€Å"interpellated† as per Lacan and later Althusser too estimated the impossibility of a single position from where one can judge, since the self was preconditioned with a lot of â€Å"logocentricism† (Derrida), which are again socio-culturally specific as per Barthes. Thus there is a complete inquiry into art through the artists’ personality or self (or selves). Justin Novak’s â€Å"disfigurine† often conforming to the bourgeoisie values, distort them to such an ironic extent that one cannot miss the counter realism that it offers. Often it serves to offer no alternative reality, but just launches one amidst a grotesque re-examination of old values and with its attendant disillusionment. Once the silent barrier between class and gender is dismantled, the escape is into nothingness – the sublime height of vast unending problems, and this underscores the definite presence and the horrors of undying conformism. If truth is beauty, then Novak’s artworks reveal the finer sides of it by shattering the comfortable and compartmentalized thought processes with which one can objectify art from a safe distance. The grotesque closeness of these truths, give beauty to the mind by releasing it from the shackles of confinement and overpowering illusions. Truth is not universal, but a power to accept the inextricable complexity of human behaviour, mind and his/her interrelationship with their social, cultural and historical environment. With Novak’s work one is left to ponder these very questions. Is Grotesque a rebellion? Or is it an inextricable element of beauty? Grayson Perry’s ceramic works portray this polemic, further, by making them superficially beautiful (as beauty has been notoriously claimed to have been) and underneath it remains the darker motives of an artist who tries to wrest with disturbing truths (or shall one call them home truths, with a larger social back drop to them) that question issues of public/private dialectic. His works that deserve mention here are, â€Å"Coming Out Dress 2000†, â€Å"We’ve Found the Body of your Child 2000†or the â€Å"Boring Cool People 1999† (reminds one of Eliot’s famous lines from The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock â€Å"In the room the women come and go, Talking of Michaelangelo†). Not only does he deal with issues like cross-dressing, child abuse and social sterility (about spiritually hollow â€Å"cool† fashionistas or the demanding violence of the utilitarian age), but also, he plays with this abnormal interrelation between beauty and grotesque. He raises questions about taste and the sublime. In short he subverts the notion of beauty with beauty that is skin deep! Grotesque thus becomes Beauty that is kin deep in this works! Reality is a diabolical faà §ade and Perry questions whether hegemony denotes or connotes the medium of taste in art. Thus equating expression with grotesque beauty beyond the limited categories of high or low taste, his avant-garde expressionism becomes a solitary modicum of aesthetic experience, which is new and which is whole (if whole comprises of an aesthetic stance that offers no definite and certain understanding of art’s end but generates a range of teasing/shocking possibilities of that, which is an illusion in itself: Bourgeois ideology). Figure 1: Coming Out Dress, 2000. He poses as Claire, his feminine alter ego. All his works deal with these two sides to his sexuality quite deeply, especially in ‘Transvestite Brides of Christ 2000’ and ‘Contained Anger1999’, respectively, that questions the significance of male-role models. But what is interesting is that Perry is experimenting with representation, rather then pottery, and that is why his artwork combines issues of an innocent observer or rather tries to destroy the comfortable distance with which an observer may guard their subjective spaces. Transvestite to transgression, the Chapman Brothers question the inevitability or orthodox value of canonical (classical) artworks. This travesty or mockery of canonical lofty seriousness is reflected in their works, through devises of defaced and tortured figures, which for them amount to the complete picture of Beauty (of an era that is grotesque, in it’s realization of a past, present and future that cannot bear to sift through the beastly side of socio-cultural conditions, anymore or unlike the others). This becomes a subject behind their sculptures that bursts with mockery, tragedy exploding with grotesque farce. They usher in a new experiment with taste, bad taste and the notions of good taste. Art moves into the realms of public or mass ‘low’ category, which becomes an essential democratic medium for evoking or carrying forward a provocation to rouse the sense of that horrifying answerless void. With the Chapman brothers there is a sadist tone attached to their insult or reiteration of Goya’s influence especially in their recreation of his â€Å"Disasters of War†, which inflict bold horror. But the grandeur of that horror is reduced to a trivial and yet a sardonic sensation taste comes off them. They twist the sensation of violence into an aesthetic ground and arouse a variety of physical and mental demands for perceiving Beauty amidst such a squandering grotesqueness. Beauty here lies in the release from holding back appreciation, awe and complete shock. Violence does not stand-alone and nor does any other human emotion. â€Å"Sex, 2003† is thus desire, decay, diabolical, deliberate, freedom or defeat. Purity is not that far from its pornographic mockery of it and they are interrelated in their apparent verisimilitude. A true representation of kitsch art, their works like Fuckface and Zygotic Acceleration, roused shock as they attempted to portray the sexualisation of children due to the media and increased gender awareness. These treatments nevertheless push questions about morality that grotesque beauty actually challenges. Thus morality and beauty in its aesthetic straight forwardedness seem to flatten out newer boundaries of experiences, which the Chapman brothers challenge through their craftsmanship. Traditional Sculpture, especially in the hands of the Chapman Brothers and Justin Novak or Grayson Perry are objects of anti-canonical parody, grotesque imitations or thought-provoking reverse-discourses. All these postmodern artists are challenging aesthetic experience. All these artworks succumb to one the power of the grotesque that sublimates beauty with its truth, and they make us realize that truth is not about a fixed standard, but accepting the actual absence of it. What makes contemporary art more beastly in its beauty is the power to derive happiness (or sado-masochist satisfaction) out of this grotesqueness. The grotesque shocks but this is a pleasure in itself, because it is the very representation of the consciousness. Theatre and artwork met with experimentalism in the stage by Artaud, who made audience a spectator to cruelty that is harsh, exceptionally brutal and yet beautiful. By shattering estrangement and by creating something that allows no ‘objectivity’ (in the likes of Kant or Brecht) Artaud demands a complete involvement of the senses. Moreover, this is where art threatens to change the soul of the perceiver by its dominating beauty, which horrifies the perceiver with its verity and unique angst. Wittgenstein’s concept of seeing-as, allows contemporary art to shun master narratives completely and standout on their own purely as visual sensations. From British Avant-Garde art that confuses common and the uncommon (like use of mannequin by Chapman Brothers or genitals replaced by the faces in their remake of Goya’s Disasters of Wars series). Grotesquerie is about questioning the status quo, about unflinching self-criticism and about embracing outsiders. From Simon Carroll deconstructing the chronology of ceramic vases with his pastiches like â€Å"Thrown Square Pot2005†, engages the observers mind with complex questions that he poses through the irregular construction of his surfaces. The artists seem to dwell on the apparent hyperreality of contemporary situation, where art has become a vastly reproduced object – fractured beyond identity. Formlessness becomes the beauty without symmetry and deliberate cruelty an aesthetic grotesqueness. Thus the gap between what is apparent and what may actually exists gives the artists ample space to bridge this defined categories with crushing forces of expressions that though grotesque to the shocked senses is ultimately beautiful by virtue of its truth. Works Cited Eliot, T. S â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†. Eliot, Thomas Stearns. Prufrock and Other Observations. London: The Egoist, Ltd, 1917; Bartleby.com, 1996. www.bartleby.com/198/. [30.01.2007]. ON-LINE ED.: Published May 1996 by Bartleby.com; Copyright Bartleby.com, Inc. (Terms of Use). Hegel, Lectures on Fine Art, (edited by Hotho) â€Å"Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art,† Vol. 1.translated by T. M. Knox, 1973. < http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/ae/contents.htm > 30.01.2007. Jakobson, Roman. â€Å"Language in Literature†. Ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 1987 Kant, Immanuel: The Critique of Judgement (1790), translated by Meredith, J. Adelaide: ebooks, 2004 Keats, John. Poetical Works. London: Macmillan, 1884; Bartleby.com, 1999http://www.bartleby.com/126/41.html. [29.01.2007]; Online-Ed: First published February 1993; published July 1999 by Bartleby.com; Copyright Bartleby.com, Inc.